WW2 Allied findings
QF 25-pounder Artillery was used in high numbers by all British, Canadian, Polish and other Commonwealth forces during ww2. On Dutch battlefields many shrapnell and fragments can be found. All detonator tips are marked with types, production date etc. Those which I found were mostly H117 Direct Action (standard HE) and H119 (graze HE). On a certain location I also found several detonator caps - indicating that spot being used during battle by an QF 25-pounder artillery battery.
H117 HE Direct Action fuzes were used for standard QF 25 pounder ordnance effect. The shell would explode on immediate impact. The shrapnell can be identified by a smooth surface - no carved rings - and of course '117' markings. These would have a distinctive seperate striker mechanism located at the topside; shrapnell is often found without this striker, creating a smooth rim. Shrapnell parts of the striker itself can also be found. All parts can be seen below.
The other main type is the H119 HE 'Graze' action. This type would set off the ordnance after the projectile would slow down instead of immediate on impact. Therefore it could penetrate something first (structure or soil). These shrapnell parts can be identified by two carved rings, two grip holes to fasten the fuze onto the shell body and a screw on one side for setting the striker. See the photographs below.
Other, more difficult to find parts are shrapnell of the H211 Timed Fuze. This fuze would set off the explosive at a certain time (seconds) after firing. This way, by calculating, it could be set to explode tens of meters above ground.
Parts of the time set ring (with numbers) are distinctive for the H211 fuze. On a rare occasion I also found a partially intact piece of the clock setting mechanism. The last below photo of the shrapnell pieces with screw threads are mainly of H211 fuzes but most likely also of other types (among these H117 and H119).
On dutch soil many shrapnell parts of other shells and grenades can be found. Some are very small, indicating possible hand grenade parts. Others are inner shell parts which can only be identified with knowledge of that particular shell. Below a sample of several other, unidentified, parts.
British fighterbomber air-to-ground canon ammo
20mm Hispano canon rounds were used by many allied fighterbombers - including models of the Typhoon, Spitfire, Hurricane etc. and also by bombers like the Shackleton. The spent cartridges were discarded in flight. Therefore these can litterally be found anywhere, not just on battlefields. Of course higher concentrations can be found on battlefield were these aircraft gave ground support.
20mm round cases are fairly big. The headstamps can't be more clear: '20mm' is stamped on it - together with the production facility and production date. Some of the headstamps I found in Holland:
Manufacturer | Production year | Notes |
---|---|---|
RH | 1942 | Raleigh Cycle Co., Lts., Nottingham, England, UK |
RH | 1943 | Raleigh Cycle Co., Lts., Nottingham, England, UK |
RH | 1944 | Raleigh Cycle Co., Lts., Nottingham, England, UK |
ST | 1943 | Royal Ordnance Factory, Steaton, UK |
K2 | 1943 | Kynoch (I.C.I.), Standish, UK |
Recommended reference: Headstamps – Military Cartridges
Allied small arms calibres
Battlefields on Dutch soil are littered with small arms calibre cases. The battlefields which I searched were mainly Canadian and Polish forces fighting the Germans. Cases and rounds of specific types of weapons can be found here.
All commonwealth forces used British weaponry as their backbone. This means traces of those weapons can be found. Enfield rifles (.303), Bren machineguns (.303), Sten guns (9mm) and British tank Besa machineguns (7.92mm) are common. .50 cal cases can also be found although these are most likely allied fighterbomber and bomber spent cases.
Headstamps of allied rounds contains a lot of information. The battlefield which I searched have been battled by Canadian and Polish divisions. The Canadians had some home made ammo - of course the Polish did not. Both used mainly British manufactured ammo. The British and commonwealth forces used mostly rimmed riffle cases. The rimless cases were used by tanks of British origin like the Churchill. The photographs below picture a comparison between the rimmed and rimless cases (3rd photo) and a comparisson between elongated primer dots (Bren gun) and round primer dot (Enfield rifle) (4th photo).
Headstamps
The list below contains found cartridges; some have been found in larger quantities. Many other have been found which are unreadable. Different types of weapons can be identified by these cartridges: .303 Enfield rifle, .303 Bren LMG, 9mm Stengun, 50 cal cases (aircraft, since these are found only single pieces), 7.92mm Besa British tank machineguns and 30-06 from the M1 Garand used by US troops (found on other battlefields).
Manufacturer | Bullet type | Production year | Weapon | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
DA₵ | VII | 1943 | .303 | Dominion Arsenal, Quebec, Canada |
DA₵ | VII | 1942 | .303 Bren | Dominion Arsenal, Quebec, Canada |
RG | WI | 1944 | .303 | armour pirecing (W); Royal Ordnance Factory, Radway Green, UK |
RG | WI | 42 | .303 | armour pirecing (W); Royal Ordnance Factory, Radway Green, UK |
RG | WI | 44 | .303 | armour pirecing (W); Royal Ordnance Factory, Radway Green, UK |
R^L | VII | 1943 | .303 | Royal Laboratory, Woolwich Arsenal, UK |
R^L | V | 42 | .303 | Royal Laboratory, Woolwich Arsenal, UK |
GB | VII | 1944 | .303 Bren | Greenwood and Batley, Leeds, UK |
B^E | V | 43 | .303 | Royal Ordnance Factory, Blackpole, Worcester, UK |
3AH | V | DAQ/C | .303 | Artillery PercussionTube Mk.V |
K43 | WIIZ | 7.92 Besa | armour pirecing (W) | |
K43 | BIZ | 7.92 Besa | incendiary (B) | |
K3 | IIZ | 1943 | 7.92 Besa | |
K2 | GIIZ | 44 | 7.92 Besa | tracer (G); Standish, near Wigan, Lancs, UK |
K5 | IIZ | 42 | 7.92 Besa | Kidderminster, Worcestershire, UK |
U | 42 | 30-06 Garand | Utah Ordnance Plant, Salt Lake City (Remington Arms) | |
DEN | 43 | 30-06 Garand | Denver Ordnance Plant, Denver, Colorado (Remington Arms) | |
B^E | 9M/M | 43 | Stengun | Royal Ordnance Factory, Blackpole, Worcester, UK |
H^N | 9M/M | 44 | Stengun | ROF Hirwaun, Hirwaun, Rhondda Cynon Taf, South Wales, UK |
RA | 42 | 50 cal | Remington Arms Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut (Remington Arms) | |
RA | 43 | 50 cal | Remington Arms Company, Bridgeport, Connecticut (Remington Arms) | |
LC | 42 | 50 cal | Lake City Ordnance Plant, Independence, Missouri (Winchester Arms) | |
SL | 42 | 50 cal | St. Louis Ordnance Plant, St. Louis, Missouri | |
DM | 43 | 50 cal | Iowa Army Ammunition Plant, Des Moines, Iowa (US Rubber Co.) |
*.303 bullet types: W = armour piercing, VII and IIZ are normal 'ball' types. GIZ = tracer.
*the 3AH Percussion Tube is something much different. These were used as igniters for several breech loading artillery guns. This specific tube was used for the 4.5" Gun, 5.5" Gun and 7.2" Howitzer. The tube itself as seen below is complete - it had no bullet. At the end the primer firing holes are visible, which would ignite the initial gun/ howitzer gunpowder from the breech. The tube has 3 small dents in the lower area which were holding an inner gas seal in place.
*50 cal casings were discarded in flight by bombers/ fighter bombers. If these are found in large concentrated quantities it is presumable these were used by ground based equipment (tanks/ halftracks). I always found single ones - which are most likely used by air combat actions. All headstamps are manufactured by US factories. (note the SL headstamp year mismatch: it was stamped twice with '42'!)
Britsh manufactured Mortar grenades leave also sometimes beside shrapnell tail fins to find - as can be seen below. The tails with 2 holes are the ML 3inch mortar type, the tail with 3 holes are the ML 4.2 inch mortar type. From both types a reference photograph is depicted.
I also stumbled upon a live fuze (Mk.152) for the ML 3 inch mortar grenade. This one was still in its original protective casing, 'Remove before firing' can still be read. The drawing is a reference for the resembling Mk.162 fuze.